Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that targets immune system cells, making an individual more susceptible to various illnesses and infections. If left untreated, HIV can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Although a complete cure for HIV has not yet been discovered, modern anti-retroviral drugs enable patients to manage the condition effectively.
**How does HIV spread?** The virus is transmitted through the sharing of injection needles or direct contact with the bodily fluids, such as blood, seminal fluids, and vaginal fluids, of an infected individual. Unprotected sex with an infected person is a significant risk factor for HIV. Therefore, using protections like condoms is essential for safety.
Here are some of the common ways HIV is transmitted, explained in detail:
- Sexual transmission: HIV is mainly spread through sexual contact with an infected partner. The virus enters the body during sexual activity through the lining of the vagina, vulva, penis, rectum, or mouth.
- Blood contamination: Contact with infected blood can also spread HIV. The risk of contracting HIV from blood transfusions is extremely low due to thorough blood screening.
- Needles: Sharing needles, syringes, or other drug-use equipment with someone who is HIV-positive is a common transmission method. While substance abuse is not condoned, it is crucial to always use a new needle when getting a tattoo or taking a vaccine shot.
- Mother-to-infant: Babies born to or breastfed by HIV-positive mothers are at risk of contracting the virus.
Contrary to some misconceptions, HIV CANNOT be transmitted through:
- Saliva
- Sweat
- Tears
- Casual contact, such as sharing food utensils, towels, and bedding
- Swimming pools
- Telephones
- Toilet seats
- Biting insects (such as mosquitoes)
How fast does HIV spread in the body?
HIV-positive individuals might not show symptoms of infection for months or even years after contracting the virus. Although the time between HIV infection and the development of AIDS can vary widely, about half of HIV-positive people develop AIDS within ten years.
Following HIV infection, a person will typically go through the following stages:
- Seroconversion illness: This initial stage may be so mild that it goes unnoticed in some people.
- Asymptomatic HIV stage: Most individuals feel fine and show no symptoms after seroconversion. This stage, often called the asymptomatic stage, can last for many years.
- Symptomatic HIV stage: Without HIV treatment, the risk of diseases associated with a weakened immune system, including certain cancers and HIV-related complications, increases.
- Late-stage HIV: With significant damage to the immune system, a person may experience severe opportunistic infections and cancers.
Medicines that prevent the spread of HIV
Taking HIV prevention medication after potential exposure is known as PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis). It is beneficial for anyone who might have come into contact with HIV.
It is critical to start PEP as soon as possible. Typically, PEP is taken daily for 28 days if prescribed. Here are some important points about PEP:
- PEP is administered after potential HIV exposure.
- PEP is not a substitute for continuous use of other HIV prevention methods.
- PEP is not ideal for individuals frequently exposed to HIV.
If you are consistently at risk for HIV due to frequent exposure, you should discuss pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP drugs) with your physician.